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Health in All Policies
The term Health in All Policies (HiAP) was first used in Europe during the Finnish Presidency of the European Union (EU), in 2006, with the aim of collaborating across sectors to achieve common goals. HiAP is a strategy which aims to include health considerations in policy making across different sectors that influence health, such as transportation, agriculture, land use, housing, public safety, and education.〔Leppo, K., Ollila, E. Health in All Policies: Seizing Opportunities, implementing policies. Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, Finland: Helsinki 2013〕〔Kickbusch I, Buckett K, editors. Implementing Health in All Policies: Adelaide 2010. Adelaide, South Australia: Department of Health, Government of South Australia; 2010.〕 HiAP re-affirms public health’s essential role in addressing policy and structural factors affecting health, as articulated by the Ten Essential Public Health Services,〔"Public Health in America." ''Health.gov | Your Portal to Health Information from the U.S. Government.'' Public Health Functions Steering Committee, July 1995.〕 and has been promoted as an opportunity for the public health sector to engage a broader array of partners.〔
==Overview==
The 1978 World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of Alma-Ata was the first formal acknowledgment of the importance of intersectoral action for health.〔World Health Organization (WHO). Declaration of Alma-Ata. International Conference on Primary Health Care, Alma-Ata, USSR, 6–12 September 1978. WHO, Geneva, 1978. Available at: http://www.who.int/hpr/NPH/docs/declaration_almaata.pdf〕 The spirit of Alma-Ata was carried forward in the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (adopted in Ottawa in 1986), which discussed “healthy public policies” as a key area for health promotion.〔
HiAP is built on the rationale that health is determined by multiple factors outside the direct control of the health care sector, such as education, income, and the conditions where people live, work, and play.〔〔Healthy People 2020. Department of Health and Human Services, 7 June 2012. Web. Jan. 2013. .〕 Decisions made in other sectors can either positively or negatively affect the determinants of health.〔 HiAP is an approach to policy making in which decision-makers in other sectors routinely consider health outcomes, including benefits, harms, and health related-costs.〔
HiAP has also been described as an essential component of primary health care.〔"The World Health Report 2008." WHO. World Health Organization, Web. Jan. 2013. .〕 HiAP has been most commonly implemented by federal, state and local governments, but can also be applied to private and non-profit policy-making.〔〔"Health in All Policies." ''The National Association of County and City Health Officials'' | NACCHO. Web. Jan. 2013.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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